\u00a9First published November 2015 \u2013 Updated October 2024<\/strong><\/p>\n Your opinion counts <\/strong>. Starting next year we will start Calling our readers, <\/strong>a space so that you can write your comments on SGK-Planet <\/strong>on our usual topics, such as this Brief history of the COPs <\/em><\/strong>, and thus be able to join the fight against climate change. <\/strong>In addition, our readers will be able to benefit from your comments and opinions. (See rules and conditions at the end of this report).<\/p>\n From COP1 to COP28 \u2013 With Preliminaries to COP29<\/strong><\/p>\n The Brief History of the COPs, Conference of the Parties, is a report in brief chronology format, as its name indicates, on what has happened at the most important climate conferences.<\/p>\n The Brief History of COPs and The<\/em> Brief History of the COP <\/em>, are original creations of SGK-PLANET, written by Sandor Alejandro Gerendas-Kiss, first published in November 2015. We make this clarification due to the imitations that have arisen trying to confuse the public.<\/strong><\/p>\n The Brief History is updated twice a year to provide our readers with accurate, recent, summarized and useful information, so they can quickly find out how the Earth is doing, and the role that the COPs have played in the important issues that affect all of us who travel in this friendly blue spherical hotel with three different movements.<\/strong><\/p>\n This edition covers COP1 (1995) through COP28 (Nov-Dec 2023), plus a short preview of COP29 (Nov-2024). We are very honored that you are reading this right now, and we hope you find it useful and can share this \u201cBrief History\u201d with your family and friends.<\/strong><\/p>\n What are the COPs and what are their objectives?<\/strong><\/p>\n The COP or Conference of the Parties, which are the states and the European Union, was created with the premise of strengthening public awareness on a global scale on the problems related to Climate Change. The COP are annual meetings originating from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), a treaty approved at the Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, 1992 or Rio 92 Summit <\/strong>, which establishes the basic obligations of the parties to combat climate change, such as the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, in order to prevent risks to the Earth’s climate system.<\/p>\n Who participates in the COP?<\/strong><\/p>\n The annual meetings are attended by environmental experts, ministers, heads of state, non-governmental organisations and, in some meetings, civil society and the private sector. In recent years, emphasis has been placed on youth participation, creating spaces and events for them.<\/p>\n Why are COPs annual?<\/strong><\/p>\n between the first and second World Summits (Stockholm 1972 and Rio 1992). Given the rapid advance of global warming and climate change, it was thought that annual conferences should be held to make more effective progress in the fight against climate change.<\/p>\n COP Conferences, a long history of disagreements and postponements<\/strong><\/p>\n While it is true that in a quarter of a century the world has improved its vision on issues such as global warming, climate change, wind energy, solar energy, green hydrogen, green cities and electric cars, there is still much to be done.<\/p>\n When you read this Brief History, you will be able to make a list of good intentions, ideas, promises, protocols and agreements at the COPs, but most of which have fallen by the wayside. You will see that, in many crucial meetings, where everything seemed to be going in the right direction, on the last night what had been patiently built up by hand for two weeks is demolished. Note that the phrase that has been repeated most often over the years is \u201cit is postponed to next year.\u201d Below we will go with the summaries of the different COPs that have been held so far.<\/p>\n 1995 COP1, Berlin: the first COP Conference is born<\/strong><\/p>\n This gave rise to the Berlin Mandate, a kind of rather vague catalogue of commitments that allowed countries to choose initiatives that best suited their particular needs.<\/p>\n 1996 COP2, Geneva: consensus to set binding targets<\/strong><\/p>\n The need to set “binding quantitative objectives” for limiting greenhouse gas emissions by industrialized countries, with precise reductions for 2005, 2010 and 2020, was adopted by consensus. Finally, it was agreed to address this matter the following year in Kyoto, Japan.<\/p>\n 1997 COP3, Kyoto: the Kyoto Protocol is born with a built-in death date<\/strong><\/p>\n COP3 was held in the Japanese city and after intense negotiations the famous Kyoto Protocol was adopted. Until then, together with the 1987 Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer, it was seen as one of the two most important and hopeful documents for humanity to regulate anthropogenic activities, capable of recovering the global environment. In Kyoto, binding objectives for GHG emissions were established for 37 industrialized countries.<\/p>\n However, two of the largest emitters, the United States and China, did not ratify the document. The Kyoto Protocol was agreed to enter into force eleven years later, in 2008, and its expiry date was pre-set for 2012, establishing that developed countries should reduce their GHG emissions by 5% in relation to the 1990 level in those five years.<\/p>\n 1998 \u2013 2006: Nine COPs with little progress to report<\/strong><\/p>\n Nine conferences were held between these dates:<\/p>\n 1998 COP4 <\/strong>, Buenos Aires \/ 1999<\/strong> COP5 <\/strong>, Bonn \/ 2000 COP6 <\/strong>, The Hague and (2nd part), Bonn \/ 2001 COP7 <\/strong>, Marrakech \/ 2002<\/strong> COP8 <\/strong>, New Delhi. \/ 2003<\/strong> COP9 <\/strong>, Milan. \/ 2004<\/strong> COP10 <\/strong>, Buenos Aires. \/ 2005<\/strong> COP11 <\/strong>, Montreal \/ 2006 COP12 <\/strong>, Nairobi. Nine years were almost wasted, spent mainly on finalising the details of the Kyoto Protocol, <\/strong>with a view to its adoption in 2009, but which finally ended its days before it was born.<\/p>\n 2007 COP13, Bali: The road to replacing the Kyoto Protocol<\/strong><\/p>\n The Indonesian conference marked a significant step towards replacing the Kyoto Protocol, even though it has not yet been activated. It was also concluded that the signs of global warming are undeniable and the “Bali Action Plan” was finally adopted, which sets the framework for the negotiations that would lead to COP 15 in Copenhagen two years later.<\/p>\n 2008 COP14, Poznan: looking towards Copenhagen<\/strong><\/p>\n The Polish city welcomed the programme for the transfer of sound ecological technologies to developing countries and finalised the details for the important event next year.<\/p>\n 2009 COP15, Copenhagen: Humanity’s great hope ends in great disappointment<\/strong><\/p>\n The long-awaited COP15 meeting, which was highly anticipated, finally took place. It was thought that the Danish capital would have the privilege of giving the world the good news by announcing a new protocol for reducing greenhouse gas emissions: “the conclusion of a legally binding agreement on climate, valid for the whole world, to be applied from 2012”, as stated in its central objective.<\/p>\n This, in quantifiable terms, meant a reduction in CO2 emissions to less than 50% by 2050 compared to 1990. But the euphoria did not last long. Three weeks before the start of COP15, a meeting was held in Thailand, at which China and the United States decided that the Copenhagen agreements would not be binding. Thus, the fate of the Summit was sealed before it began. It was bad news and the few hopes of saving it were buried on the last night, when the presidents of China, the United States, India, Brazil and South Africa, without the presence of European representatives or other countries, held a meeting behind closed doors and in just three pages they drafted a non-binding agreement that was not even put to a vote.<\/p>\n In the end, it was only made public for the attendees to \u201cgain knowledge\u201d and the promise that a political platform would be developed in early 2010, the basis for legally binding commitments at COP16. The summit, as expected, was described as a failure and a disaster by many governments and environmental organisations. Herman Van Rumpuy , President of the European Council, in a confidential cable from US diplomacy, leaked by WikiLeaks, dated 4 January 2010, had very harsh words: \u201cCopenhagen was an incredible disaster (\u2026) multilateral summits will not work\u201d, and he described the meeting as \u201cNightmare on Elm Street II\u201d and uttered the lapidary phrase: \u201cWho wants to see this horror film again?\u201d<\/p>\n 2010 COP16, Cancun: creation of the Green Climate Fund<\/strong><\/p>\n Among the main agreements reached in Mexico, the creation of the Green Climate Fund stands out, which establishes a sum of one hundred billion dollars each year starting in 2020, and thirty billion dollars for the period 2010-2012, in order to help countries with fewer resources to cover the costs involved in the fight against Climate Change. The final document establishes the adoption “as soon as possible” of a decision on commitments for a second phase of the Kyoto Protocol to guarantee “that there is no gap between the first and second commitment periods.”<\/p>\n 2011 COP17, Durban: the birth of the Kyoto Protocol II and the beginning of its demise<\/strong><\/p>\n The fate of the planet was no better in Durban, South Africa, than in previous years. However, some progress was made by setting a date for the start of the second period of the Kyoto agreements, with a view to 2013. This presumed a legal vacuum on climate change. The summit concluded with a roadmap for a global treaty, as demanded by the European Union, which would commit the big polluters, those who did not sign the Kyoto Protocol, such as China, the United States, India, Brazil and South Africa, to comply with the treaty. The bad news was that Canada announced its intention not to renew Kyoto, seconded by Japan and Russia. This bucket of cold water ended all hopes for the Kyoto Protocol II.<\/p>\n 2012 COP18, Doha: Kyoto is extended, but it is now impossible to revive it<\/strong><\/p>\n For some time now, it has been expected that there would be no major surprises in Qatar, as its objectives did not seem complicated, but in practice the road was strewn with obstacles. The 194 countries gathered together reached a minimal agreement, the “Doha Climate Gate”, which extended the Kyoto Protocol until 2020. Negotiations on larger donations by developing countries were postponed until the following year. Most delegations expressed their dissatisfaction because the final agreement did not comply with scientific recommendations, which called for vigorous action to counter global warming. Carbon dioxide emissions in 2012 were already double the rate of 1990.<\/p>\n 2013 COP19, Warsaw: mass abandonment of the summit<\/strong><\/p>\n The initial aim in Poland was to reach an agreement to reduce emissions of polluting gases by 2015. However, this agreement was opposed by several countries, including the host country, which has a coal-based industry. A roadmap towards a global and binding pact was finally agreed in 2015, but many loopholes remained open, which had to be resolved at the Lima summit the following year.<\/p>\n A notable fact was that, one day before the summit was due to close, there was a massive walkout by NGOs and trade unions, an unprecedented event at the COP. The main NGOs criticised \u201cthe retrograde positions of Japan and Australia, as well as the lack of commitment of the most developed countries, which turn a deaf ear to the pressing needs of the poorest and most vulnerable to climate change.\u201d They denounced that \u201cthe European Union remains tied to the positions of Poland and the coal industry,\u201d impeding the process of combating climate change.<\/p>\n 2014 COP20, Lima: great expectations and preparations for Paris 2015<\/strong><\/p>\n In the Peruvian capital, the most important event was that the United States and China announced a joint commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions for the first time in history, which is essential to prevent global temperatures from exceeding 2\u00baC (later corrected to 1.5\u00baC, on the recommendation of scientists from the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). The UN considered that the objective was to reduce emissions by 40% to 70% by 2050, and to 0% by the end of the century. The agreement, finally ratified, was an agreement that brought positions closer together in view of Paris 2015.<\/p>\n 2015 COP21, Paris: the Paris Agreement is born<\/strong><\/p>\n The Paris Agreement is an ambitious global convention to combat climate change, negotiated within the framework of COP21. It was adopted by 197 countries in Paris on December 15, 2015, and its signing officially began on April 22, 2016, Earth Day. Its implementation is set to begin in 2020. The Paris Agreement provides for limiting global temperatures to 2\u00baC (later corrected to 1.5\u00baC) by reducing GHG emissions caused by fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal, which cause the greenhouse effect and consequently climate change, such as rising sea levels, floods, landslides, hurricanes, tornadoes, forest fires and other catastrophic phenomena, capable of endangering many species that inhabit the Earth, including Homo sapiens.<\/p>\n It is fair to acknowledge that the Paris Agreement, with its goals of reducing temperature and greenhouse gas emissions, is an inductor of countries, cities, industries, universities and people. With it, significant growth is being achieved in the production of cars and transport systems powered by clean fuels, such as green hydrogen, accelerated manufacturing of photovoltaic solar panels and a large number of wind generators, to supply clean electricity to millions of people around the world.<\/p>\n See related article: The Paris Agreement, the hope of humankind<\/a><\/p>\n 2016 COP22, Marrakech: a technical meeting<\/strong><\/p>\n The 22nd edition of the COP took place in the Moroccan capital, characterized by its low profile and scant media coverage, which is why some have called it a \u201ctechnical meeting.\u201d At this meeting, a working paper was adopted to implement the Paris Agreement and a roadmap was approved that would lead to the rules that will guide the essential agreement. COP24, Poland 2018, was set for its conclusion and start of its implementation, a kind of bridge to 2020, when the implementation of the Paris Agreement will begin.<\/p>\n 2017 COP23, Fiji-Bonn: first COP with two host countries<\/strong><\/p>\n The 23rd Conference of the Parties on Climate Change took place in Bonn from 6 to 17 November 2017. The German city provided the venue, infrastructure and part of the organisation required for the event. Fiji is a tiny island country in the Polynesian Islands, whose low altitude makes it very vulnerable to the foreseeable effects of climate change. Its Prime Minister, Frank Bainimarama, assumed the presidency of COP23 determined to maintain the momentum of the Paris Agreement. It is noteworthy that Bainimarama was very active and enthusiastic during and after COP23.<\/p>\n The United States attended the conference with a low-ranking delegation, following President Donald Trump’s decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. The speech by China’s representative showed a more active role compared to previous conferences.<\/p>\n Everything went smoothly until the last night when the meeting was suspended, which lasted until the early hours of the morning. Miguel Arias Ca\u00f1ete, European Commissioner for Climate Action, told EFE: “Nations that have not raised objections throughout the process leading up to this climate summit, or during it, are raising them now in the hope of achieving results for their countries.”<\/p>\n 2018 COP24, Katowice: Controversy over IPCC report<\/strong><\/p>\n COP24 was held in Katowice, Poland, from 3 to 14 December 2018, under the motto \u201cLet\u2019s change together\u201d. This was the third time that Poland would host these important conferences. The 24th Conference of the Parties was one of the most secretive and least newsworthy meetings we have ever seen. Perhaps the chosen location and date contributed to the scant media coverage and low public interest in the event, which only picked up, and only partially, after the summit was over.<\/p>\n The controversy in Katowice this time was not about the Paris Agreement, but about the document of the IPCC, a group of scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which was presented in October of that year. In its \u201cFifth Assessment Report\u201d, the main objective of which is to limit the rise in temperatures to 1.5 degrees Celsius from their pre-industrial level. This goal, according to the report, \u201cwill require unprecedented changes\u201d <\/strong>at a social and global level, due to the seriousness of the situation on the planet, due to the sustained increase in global temperature, and all its foreseeable consequences.<\/p>\n An oil quartet consisting of the United States, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait did not welcome the report. The United States argued that welcoming it meant accepting it. President Trump said he did not agree with the IPCC report, nor did he believe in its content. The representative of Saudi Arabia went so far as to say behind the scenes that \u201cthe Paris Agreement is dead.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n WWF Spain summed up what happened like this: \u201cWorld leaders came to Katowice tasked with responding to the latest climate science, which has made it abundantly clear that we only have 12 years to halve emissions and avoid catastrophic global warming. Progress has been made, but what we have seen in Poland reveals a fundamental lack of understanding of the current climate urgency by some countries <\/strong>. The future of all is at stake. We need all countries to commit to increasing climate ambition before 2020.\u201d<\/p>\n 2019 COP25, Chile-Madrid: Spain saves the conference<\/strong><\/p>\n COP25 began in an unprecedented way, as Chile, the host and organiser of the conference throughout the year, had to cancel it at the last minute, due to the political instability that had been occurring in the country since October. When everything indicated that it would be impossible to meet the scheduled date, Madrid managed to organise the conference in record time, thanks to the timely intervention of the IFEMA group of companies, and saved its realisation on the scheduled date. Therefore, COP25 was held in Madrid <\/strong>, the capital of Spain, between 2 and 15 December, with the motto \u201cTime to Act\u201d.<\/p>\n 25,000 people from 196 countries attended. The notable absentees were Xi Jinping of China, Angela Merkel of Germany, Vladimir Putin of Russia, Donald Trump of the United States, Emmanuel Macron of France, Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil and Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era of Chile. Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, was present with a delegation of deputies and senators from her country. \u201cBy coming to the COP, we want to say that we are still here <\/strong>,\u201d said the senator.<\/p>\n The three controversial issues on which no agreement was reached:<\/p>\n Recommended reading: Frequently Asked Questions about Climate Ambition<\/a>.<\/p>\n Recommended reading: Frequently Asked Questions about Carbon Markets <\/a>.<\/p>\n At the end of the meeting, its top officials expressed their disagreement with the results.<\/p>\n Antonio Guterres <\/strong>said: \u201cThe international community has missed an important opportunity to show greater ambition on mitigation, adaptation and finance to tackle the climate crisis (\u2026) but we must not give up.\u201d He added that he was \u201cmore determined than ever to work to make 2020 the year when all countries commit to doing what the science is telling us.\u201d<\/p>\n Carolina Schmidt <\/strong>, President of COP25, said: \u201c We are not satisfied. The agreements were not enough to urgently address the climate change crisis <\/strong>. There is still no consensus to increase ambition to the levels we need. The new generations expect more from us. Women, young people and children are asking us for a stronger, more urgent and more ambitious response to be able to act.\u201d<\/p>\n Teresa Ribera <\/strong>, Minister for Ecological Transition of the Government of Spain, said: ” We would have liked to hear much more forceful, much more serious commitments from the major economies <\/strong>.”<\/p>\n Patricia Espinosa <\/strong>, executive secretary of the UNFCCC, admitted that \u201c The talks did not result in an agreement <\/strong>. The disagreement between developed and developing nations was on the guidelines for a much-needed carbon market, an essential part of the toolkit for raising ambition that can harness the potential of the private sector and generate finance for adaptation (\u2026)\u201d.<\/p>\n 2020 COP26, Glasgow: The conference that didn’t happen due to the COVID pandemic<\/strong><\/p>\n In a statement on April 1, 2020, the UN announced that the summit had been cancelled for that year and advised that it would be held between November 1 and 12, 2021. Since its inception, no COP had been postponed until COP26 was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/p>\n 2021 COP26, Glasgow: Climate change does not wait and the planet is getting impatient<\/strong><\/p>\n After a long wait, COP26 was finally held. Under the motto \u201cUniting the world to tackle climate change\u201d, it was held between October 31 and November 12, 2021. The meeting was held in Glasgow, the largest city in Scotland, England. Alok Sharma was the president of the summit. The main objective of COP26 was to keep the 1.5\u00baC mark on the pre-industrial era alive.<\/p>\n Assistants<\/strong><\/p>\n Representatives of delegations from all 197 Parties attended, including around 130 Heads of State and Government and 40,000 participants from civil society, indigenous peoples, youth groups, charities, academics, artists and businesses.<\/p>\n Absent leaders<\/strong><\/p>\n Xi Jinping <\/strong>, President of China. Vladimir Putin <\/strong>, President of Russia. Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan <\/strong>, President of Turkey. Jair Bolsonaro <\/strong>, President of Brazil. Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador <\/strong>, President of Mexico. Ebrahim Raisi <\/strong>, President of Iran. Cyril <\/strong>South African President Ramaphosa did not attend because his country rejects the ban on the use of coal.<\/strong><\/p>\n Main objectives of COP26<\/strong><\/p>\n Opinions<\/strong><\/p>\n DW <\/a>: \u201cCOP26\u2026 made decisions that would have been unthinkable a few years ago. But the pressure to make it happen was also enormous,\u201d said Jens Thurau . DW\u2019s special correspondent in Glasgow added: \u201cWas COP26 in Glasgow good or bad? As chaotic and confusing as the meeting was, there are many different points of view on this question.\u201d<\/p>\n WWF: <\/a>\u201cCOP 26 is disappointing to come to a close, but a slim window of opportunity remains for a 1.5\u00b0C future. Timelines and ways of working are needed if we are to move away from fossil fuels\u2026 We came to Glasgow expecting leaders to agree to a step change in the pace and scale of climate action <\/strong>. While we didn\u2019t get step change, and the agreed text is far from perfect, we are moving in the right direction.\u201d<\/p>\n Greenpeace <\/a>: \u201cWhile the agreement recognises the need to cut emissions this decade, those commitments have been put off until next year. Young people who have come of age in a climate crisis will not tolerate many more outcomes like this. Why should they if they are fighting for their future?\u201d \u2026 explains Greenpeace International Executive Director Jennifer Morgan<\/p>\n\n
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